Simulation of producer gas flameless combustion with fresh reactant diluted by hot flue gas

Flameless combustion is considered as a flexible and efficient combustion process for low heating value gas fuel. This paper presents numerical simulations of premixed flameless combustion using producer gas as a fuel. Different initial conditions of the premixed fresh reactant (air/fuel mixture) and dilution levels are taken into account for the investigation. The numerical simulations were investigated using a network of chemical reactor models with the detailed reaction mechanism of GRI‐Mech 3.0. A threshold dilution level for flameless combustion fuelled by producer gas was determined. The numerical results show that dilution of the fresh reactant with hot combustion products and initial fresh reactant temperature play important roles in flameless combustion formation and its auto‐ignition behaviour, rather than equivalence ratio of the fresh reactant. In the flameless combustion regime, temperature and chemical concentrations were reduced while chemical kinetics process was decelerated, resulting in delay of the auto‐ignition process.     

Kinetic,thermodynamic parameters and in vitro digestion of tannase from Aspergillus tamarii URM 7115

Tannase is an enzyme used in various industries and produced by a large number of microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate tannase production to determine the biochemical, kinetic, and thermodynamic properties and to simulate tannase in vitro digestion. The tannase-producing fungal strain was isolated from “jamun” leaves and identified as Aspergillus tamarii. Temperature at 26°C for 67?h was the best combination for maximum tannase activity (6.35-fold; initial activity in Plackett–Burman design—15.53?U/mL and average final activity in Doehlert design—98.68?U/mL). The crude extract of tannase was optimally active at 40°C, pH 5.5 and 6.5. Moreover, tannase was stimulated by Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Mn²⁺. The half-life at 40°C lasted 247.55?min. The free energy of Gibbs, enthalpy, and entropy, at 40°C, was 81.47, 16.85, and ?0.21?kJ/mol?·?K, respectively. After total digestion, 123.95% of the original activity was retained. Results suggested that tannase from A. tamarii URM 7115 is an enzyme of interest for industrial applications, such as gallic acid production, additive for feed industry, and for beverage manufacturing, due to its catalytic and thermodynamic properties.     

小型煤矿低浓度瓦斯发电技术及应用效果研究

针对云南富源县辖区内大量小型煤矿抽采的低浓度瓦斯未开展有效利用的问题，以区内某小型煤矿为背景，采用现场调研、分析归纳、理论计算相结合的方法对其低浓度瓦斯发电项目展开分析研究。研究表明，某小型煤矿低浓度瓦斯发电项目成功的关键是“瓦斯治理先行”理念主导下的气源保障综合技术体系。在气源得以保障的基础上，该小型煤矿低浓度瓦斯发电项目已经持续高效运行4年，每年创造经济收益约403.2万元，减排CO2约4.47万t；同时促进了煤矿瓦斯治理工作有效落实，提高了煤矿安全生产水平，保障了煤矿产量的达标。     

以风化煤为底物制取生物甲烷的潜力分析

我国拥有丰富的风化煤储量,因其高度被氧化的独特性质,可应用的领域极为有限,目前主要被作为改善土壤性质的肥料和制取腐殖酸的来源。以风化煤为底物制取生物甲烷是一种具有探索性的全新生物发酵工艺,探究其可行性及模拟实验过程中风化煤的物性特征变化有利于拓宽风化煤的资源利用和环境改善,并可以进一步丰富煤生物产气理论。实验选取内蒙古乌海和山西晋城两地不同风化程度煤样,以煤层矿井水为菌种来源,在适宜环境条件下开展模拟产气实验,通过生物产气模拟和红外光谱测试,分析不同风化程度煤的生物产气能力及其内在因素,以揭示其产气潜力及物性变化特征。结果表明:①随着煤的风化程度加深,可燃基CH 4产气量明显增加,两组煤样中可燃基CH 4生成量最高分别达到7.13,4.20 mL/g;②不同风化程度的煤样均出现了产气高峰,时间基本都出现在15~30 d,各组中随着煤样风化程度不断加深,产气高峰出现时间也越来越早;③随着煤的风化程度加深,煤中芳环被不断打开,大分子结构被破坏,同时煤中羟基、氨基等基团含量趋于降低,脂碳结构逐渐解体,含氧官能团成为主要结构,氧含量比例不断增高,更容易被微生物降解;④菌群鉴定表明风化煤不仅含有大量产生生物气所需的第1阶段和第2阶段细菌,更含有甲烷杆菌属、甲烷球菌属等多种类型的产甲烷菌群,具有把风化煤转化为生物甲烷的环境条件。实验结果最终反映了风化煤具有转化为生物甲烷的潜力,并有利于提高我国风化煤的资源利用率。     

超临界二氧化碳干气密封稳态性能研究

以超临界二氧化碳(S-CO_2)干气密封为研究对象,建立变黏度变密度雷诺方程,通过构建物性数据库的方式对黏度及密度进行处理,并采用有限差分法对控制方程进行求解,得到端面压力分布,并计算开启力、泄漏量、摩擦扭矩和气膜刚度等稳态性能参数。结果表明:随着压力、转速的增大,开启力、泄漏量、摩擦扭矩、气膜刚度等参数均增大;随着槽坝比和槽深的增加,开启力、泄漏量和气膜刚度均增大,摩擦扭矩减小;随着槽数的增加,各稳态性能参数均减小;将槽坝比控制在0.5～1的范围内,有助于提高密封稳定性。     

Investigations on Emission Characteristics of a Liquid-Fueled Trapped Vortex Combustor

The combustion and emission formation process of liquid fuel in the trapped vortex combustor(TVC)are very complicated.A trapped vortex combustor with replaceable bluff-bodies was designed to investigate these processes.The bluff-body widths varied from 0.021 m to 0.036 m.Experimental tests were carried out.Liquid RP-3 aviation kerosene was used in the tests.Emissions were measured under atmospheric pressure.The combustion process was analyzed theoretically in the viewpoints of relative evaporation time,mixing time and reaction time.Numerical simulations were also conducted to help analyze the formation and depletion processes of pollutants in TVC.The results reveal that atomization was a critical factor for formation and depletion processes of pollutants.By controlling mixing speed of burned and unburned gases and thus fuel-air uniformity,turbulence intensity could also affect emission levels.In addition,residence time also affected the emissions by affecting combustion completeness and the time for NOx formation.All these factors were combined in a complicated way to affect combustion process and pollutant emissions.     

Modeling and Optimization for a Comprehensive Gas Processing Plant with Sensitivity Analysis and Economic Evaluation

Sweetening, dehydration, natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery, and sale gas compression are four major treatment stages for the general natural gas processing. Here, a comprehensive gas processing plant (CGPP) coupling sweetening, dehydration, NGL recovery, and compression subsystems have been conceptually designed, modeled, and optimized based on field data. The development includes four major stages of work: (i) CGPP process development with Aspen HYSYS simulator; (ii) sensitivity studies for all distillation columns involved in the CGPP process to optimize their performances; (iii) sizing of major equipment of the CGPP; and (iv) economic evaluations with Aspen process economic analyzer to calculate the expected capital and operating expenditures for the developed CGPP process. Valuable insights of natural gas monetization from the viewpoint of large-scale process system integration, modeling, and optimization are provided.     

Flame Front Deformation Instabilities of Filtration Combustion for Initial Thermal Perturbation

The flame front deformation instability of low-velocity filtration combustion within an inert packed bed is studied based on the initial preheating non-uniformity. Based on the experimental phenomena, an initial thermal perturbation model is numerically proposed so as to predict the deformation behaviors of the flame front instabilities. The numerical prediction indicates that the assumption of an initial thermal perturbation is a feasible explanation as the cause of the flame front inclination instability. As the initial thermal perturbation increases, the phenomena of the flame front break and shrinking instabilities could easily occur at high filtration velocity or low equivalence ratio. Moreover, the evolutions of the flame front break rate and the shrinking rate are quantitatively analyzed.     

复合外加剂改性盐石膏的研究

盐石膏的主要成分为无水硫酸钙,其活性差、凝结硬化慢、强度低,需要添加活性剂来激发盐石膏的活性。通过复合外加剂对盐石膏加以改性,并通过XRD和SEM对其作用机理做了分析。结果表明,单掺脱硫石膏和建筑石膏均能缩短盐石膏的凝结时间,建筑石膏的效果较好,但掺量不宜过高。复掺建筑石膏和缓凝剂时,两者比例要控制得当,适宜的建筑石膏和缓凝剂掺量分别为50%和0.10%~0.12%（质量分数）。分析可知,大掺量建筑石膏会增加盐石膏硬化体中二水相和针棒状晶体的含量;缓凝剂掺量的增加,会降低盐石膏硬化体中二水相的含量,棱形晶体增多,从而降低了盐石膏的强度。     

多晶硅生产中残液搅拌罐密封结构的改造

在处理多晶硅生产中产生的残液时,残液搅拌罐填料密封出现泄漏,针对此问题提出了优化措施,达到了预期效果。